The Markets
 
Employment was top of mind for financial markets last week.
 
Economists and investors hoped May employment information would provide insight to the state of the United States economy, as well as clues about when the Federal Reserve (Fed) may lower the federal funds rate again.
 
Employment data arrives in two reports that offer different perspectives on the employment situation. Last week, the trends were similar – new jobs creation slowed from April to May – although the number of new jobs reported was quite different. Here’s a brief overview:
 
+37,000 new jobs per the ADP National Employment Report. Mid-week, this supplemental report showed fewer new jobs were added in May (37,000 new jobs) than had been created in April (62,000 new jobs).
 
“That was a big miss vis-a-vis what economists were expecting, and so we saw a negative market reaction initially. But if you talk to economists, guess what, they say that ADP number is not a very good predictor of the [Bureau of Labor Statistics] number, and they really give it much less weight, if any weight at all,” reported Julie Hyman of Yahoo!Finance.
 
+ 139,000 new jobs per the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). On Friday, the government’s Employment Situation Summary reported more jobs were created than economists had anticipated. However, jobs growth slowed from April (147,000 new jobs) to May (139,000 new jobs), and initial estimates for March and April were revised lower.  
 
“While the headline number came in higher than expected, previous months were revised lower — a pattern which has been repeating itself for a while now and which has prompted a lot of head-scratching,” reported Tracy Alloway and Joe Weisenthal of Bloomberg. The pair cited a source who believes one reason for the revisions is that key data about U.S. business closures and business openings arrives after the initial report is issued.
 
The unemployment rate, which is determined by a survey of households, remained steady at 4.2 percent in May. “…the household survey found a 625,000 decline in the labor force, which helps the jobless rate since those not in the workforce aren’t counted as unemployed,” reported Randall Forsyth of Barron’s.
 
So, what did the report tell us about the economy and prospective Fed rate policy? “Not as bad as feared but not as good as it looks. That’s what the latest employment data show. But for financial markets, the numbers suggest that the Federal Reserve may be slower to lower interest rates,” reported Forsyth.
 
By the end of the week, major U.S. stock indexes were all in positive territory year-to-date, reported Connor Smith of Barron’s. Yields on longer maturities of U.S. Treasuries moved higher over the week. 

Guidance Wealth will be closing early at 4:00pm on Thursday, June 5th
 
The Markets
 
Consumers were feeling cautiously optimistic.
 
When people talk about the United States economy, they’re usually referring to gross domestic product (GDP), which is the value of all goods and services produced in here. For the first quarter of this year, U.S. GDP was nearly $30 trillion. That’s a huge number. It would take 14 years for a military jet flying at the speed of sound and reeling out one-dollar bills to release $1 trillion.
 
The American consumer is the powerhouse of the U.S. economy. Consumer spending accounts for two-thirds of GDP. Spending not only supports economic growth, it also provides insight to the health of the economy. That’s because the purchases consumers make reflect consumer sentiment, the job market, inflation, stock market performance, and a myriad of other factors.
 
Last week, a lot of consumer-related data was released.
 
Early in the week, the Conference Board reported that its Consumer Confidence Index bounced back “from a near five-year low”, reported Nazmul Ahasan of Bloomberg. “Consumer confidence rebounded in May following five straight months of declines as a series of new tariff deals improved Americans’ views on the economy… Consumers were less pessimistic about business conditions and job availability in the next six months, and became more optimistic about their future income prospects…Americans were also feeling better about their investments, thanks to the stock market’s May recovery” reported Sabrina Escobar of Barron’s.
 
The University of Michigan’s Consumer Sentiment Index (UMCSI) also showed a change in sentiment, although the improvement was less pronounced than that of the Conference Board’s Index. The final UMCSI reading for May showed consumer optimism stabilized from April to May. “Consumer sentiment was unchanged from April, ending four consecutive months of plunging declines. Sentiment had ebbed at the preliminary reading for May but turned a corner in the latter half of the month following the temporary pause on some tariffs on China goods,” reported Surveys of Consumers Director Joanne Hsu.
 
Late in the week, the Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that personal income rose 0.8 percent in April, while prices increased 0.1 percent. The boost in income did not lead to higher spending, though. Consumers spent modestly more in April. Spending was up 0.1 percent, a slower pace than the 0.7 percent rise in March. Americans chose to save in April, socking away more than $1 trillion – almost five percent of disposable income in April.
 
Major U.S. stock indexes finished the week higher. The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index and Nasdaq Composite Index delivered the best monthly performance since November 2023, reported Connor Smith of Barron’s. Yields on longer maturities of U.S. Treasuries finished the week lower. 

​The Markets
 
Nobody likes to balance the budget.
 
Some pundits said Moody’s rating downgrade of U.S. Treasuries was a nothing burger. After all, the rating change didn’t provide investors with any new information. Moody’s was the third rating service to lower U.S. government bond ratings. S&P Global downgraded U.S. Treasuries in 2011, and Fitch Ratings followed suit in 2023.
 
However, Moody’s decision focused attention on fiscal policy – the way the United States government taxes and spends. In 46 of the past 50 years, the U.S. government has run a deficit, meaning it has spent more than it received from taxes and other sources of revenue, reported FiscalData. Every annual deficit adds to the public debt, which is about $36 trillion, according to the U.S. Debt Clock.
 
The U.S. government finances annual deficits (and the overall debt) by issuing Treasury bills, notes, and bonds. The U.S. promises Treasury buyers (a group that includes individuals, institutions, and governments) that it will pay interest for a specific period and then repay the amount borrowed.
 
When yields increase, so does the amount of interest the United States must pay
 
When government bond buyers have concerns about a government’s fiscal policy, demand for bonds may fall and yields may rise. That happened to U.S. Treasuries last week. The yield on the 30-year U.S. Treasury bond exceeded five percent. “The move above 5 [percent] is striking because that has been the general cap on the 30-year for about two decades,” reported Karishma Vanjani of Barron’s.
 
While higher yields make U.S. Treasuries more attractive to investors, they also may create challenges for economic growth. “As the national debt grows and interest rates rise, the United States will spend more of its budget on the cost of servicing that debt – crowding out opportunities to invest in the economy,” reported The Peter G. Peterson Foundation.
 
The United States is already paying a hefty amount of interest. In 2024, interest payments on the U.S. debt were about $880 billion, more than the U.S. budget for national defense, reported Michael Mackenzie, Liz Capo McCormick, and Ye Xie of Bloomberg.
 
The U.S. isn’t the only country where yields are rising. “From the U.S. to Japan, long-term borrowing costs for the world’s biggest economies have surged as investors question the ability of governments to cover massive budget deficits,” reported Alice Gledhill and Mia Glass of Bloomberg.
 
Over the week, major U.S. stock indexes moved lower amid worries about rising yields and fiscal policy.  Yields on longer maturities of U.S. Treasuries finished the week higher.

Guidance Wealth will be closed Monday, May 26th in Observance of Memorial Day
 
 The Markets
 
Last week, the U.S. stock market showed why it’s a good idea to stay invested through bouts of volatility.
 
Major U.S. stock indices notched sizeable gains as investors celebrated a trade truce with China and better-than-expected inflation numbers, while brushing off a tepid consumer sentiment reading. Here’s what happened:
 
The administration negotiated a trade truce with China. The United States and China agreed to reduce tariffs for 90 days. U.S. tariffs on Chinese imports will fall to 30 percent, while China’s tariffs on U.S. imports will drop to 10 percent. The Wall Street Journal reported, “The agreement lowered tariff levels far more than Wall Street had expected, with one analyst…calling the deal a ‘best-case scenario’ for investors. Goldman Sachs cut its U.S. recession odds to 35 [percent] from 45 [percent] and boosted its growth forecast.”
 
Inflation is closing in on the Federal Reserve’s target. Prices increased by 2.3 percent year over year in April. That put headline inflation just a smidge above the Fed’s two percent target. When the volatile categories of food and energy were excluded, prices were up 2.8 percent year over year. The price of eggs fell by 13 percent month to month leading a decline in the cost of food. Five of six major grocery store food group indexes moved lower in April.
 
Consumers were concerned about inflation. While the Consumer Price Index’s April inflation numbers were encouraging, the inflation numbers in the University of Michigan’s Consumer Sentiment Survey were less so. “Year-ahead inflation expectations surged from 6.5 [percent] last month to 7.3 [percent] this month…Long-run inflation expectations lifted from 4.4 [percent] in April to 4.6 [percent] in May...,” reported Surveys of Consumers Director Joanne Hsu.
 
The U.S. bond market was in a less cheerful mood than the U.S. stock market last week. On Friday, Moody’s lowered the rating for U.S. government bonds on concerns about the deficit (the difference between how much the government spends each year and how much it takes in through taxes) and rising interest costs. The rating service explained:
 
“Successive U.S. administrations and Congress have failed to agree on measures to reverse the trend of large annual fiscal deficits and growing interest costs. We do not believe that material multi-year reductions in mandatory spending and deficits will result from current fiscal proposals under consideration.”
 
Over the week, U.S. stock markets saw solid gains with the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index moving into positive territory for the year to date. U.S. Treasury yields ended the week near where they started.            

​The Markets
 
The winds of uncertainty are blowing, and the waters are choppy.
 
In recent weeks, United States stock markets saw steady gains, recovered from the April downturn as investors set aside uncertainty,” reported Connor Smith of Barron’s.
 
Last week, investors became more cautious as they considered:
 
Trade successes and negotiations. Last week, President Trump announced a trade deal with the United Kingdom and, over the weekend, U.S.-China trade negotiations began. “With talks between the US and China about to start, trillions of dollars are hanging in the balance for American companies. The average member of the [Standard & Poor’s 500 Index] made 6.1 [percent] of its revenue from selling goods in China or to Chinese companies in 2024, according to an analysis from Bloomberg Intelligence’s Gina Martin Adams and Gillian Wolff,” reported Rita Nazareth of Bloomberg. 
 
The outlook for the economy. Last week, the Federal Reserve left rates unchanged. Fed Chair Jerome Powell offered assurances that the economy is solid, the unemployment rate remains low, and inflation is closer to the Fed’s two percent goal but not there yet. In a post meeting press conference, Powell stated,“…we’ve judged that the risks to higher employment and higher inflation have both risen [compared to March]…there’s a great deal of uncertainty...”
 
The outlook for company earnings. Companies in the S&P 500 Index performed well in the first quarter. Overall, the earnings growth rate for companies that have reported so far is 13.4 percent, reported John Butters of Factset. However, as Butters explained, analysts lowered [earnings per share] estimates more than normal for S&P 500 companies because of uncertainty, including a possible economic slowdown or recession.
 
Last week, major U.S. stock indexes finished flat to slightly lower. Yields on many maturities of U.S. Treasuries moved slightly higher over the week.

​The Markets
 
American companies did well in the first quarter.
 
During earnings season, publicly held companies tell investors how they performed during the previous quarter with a particular focus on earnings, which reflect company profits.
 
Currently, we’re more than halfway through earnings season, and companies in the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500 Index have reported solid performance results overall. “Both the percentage of S&P 500 companies reporting positive earnings surprises and the magnitude of earnings surprises are above their 10-year averages,” reported John Butters of FactSet.
 
As of last Friday, 72 percent of S&P 500 companies had reported earnings, and the blended earnings growth rate was 12.8 percent. If earnings stay at this level, we will see a second consecutive quarter of double-digit earnings growth for the S&P 500, reported Butters.
 
While first quarter earnings were strong, it’s unclear whether future earnings growth will be as robust. “During the month of April, analysts lowered EPS [earnings-per-share] estimates for the second quarter by a larger margin than average…Analysts also continued to lower EPS estimates for [calendar year] 2025,” reported Butters.
 
The reasons for changing expectations may be related to two words that have been popping up more than usual on earnings calls: “tariffs” and “uncertainty”.
 
“Several companies noted that the uncertainty surrounding tariffs is making businesses hesitant about investment decisions. That means they are delaying stocking up on inventory (or in some cases, overstocking), hiring, and dealmaking,” reported Sabrina Escobar of Barron’s. “All the uncertainty has made it hard for companies to make accurate projections for the year ahead.”
 
Last week, major U.S. stock indexes rose. “As of Friday, the S&P 500 index had risen nine days in a row, its longest streak since 2004. It jumped 10.2% in that span – 2.9% of that in the past week – a remarkable performance given the cloud of uncertainty hanging over American businesses,” reported Avi Salzman of Barron’s.
 
Yields on most maturities of U.S. Treasuries moved higher over the week.

​The Markets
 
How’s everybody feeling?
 
If you said, “Not great,” you’re not alone. There is an abundance of negative sentiment today. Many people – from consumers to small business owners, and from asset managers to investors – are feeling less optimistic. Here’s the data.
 

• The University of Michigan’s Consumer Sentiment Survey’s final data for April showed that sentiment tumbled for the fourth month in a row. “While this month’s deterioration was particularly strong for middle-income families, expectations worsened for vast swaths of the population across age, education, income, and political affiliation…Labor market expectations remained bleak. Even more concerning for the path of the economy, consumers anticipated weaker income growth for themselves in the year ahead. Without reliably strong incomes, spending is unlikely to remain strong amid the numerous warning signs perceived by consumers,” wrote Surveys of Consumers Director Joanne Hsu.

 

• The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) Small Business Optimism Index fell from February to March, settling just below its long-term average. “The implementation of new policy priorities has heightened the level of uncertainty among small business owners over the past few months. Small business owners have scaled back expectations on sales growth as they better understand how these rearrangements might impact them,” stated NFIB Chief Economist Bill Dunkelberg.

 

• The Bank of America Global Fund Manager Survey showed that, in April, asset managers were the most bearish they’ve been in three decades with sentiment around economic growth particularly low. “Fund managers are extremely gloomy, with 82 [percent] of respondents…expecting the global economy to weaken,” reported Michael Msika of Bloomberg.

 

• The American Association of Individual Investors (AAII) Sentiment Survey found that 55.6 percent of investors were feeling bearish about how the stock market will perform over the next six months. That is well above the historic average of 31 percent bearish.

 
It’s fair to say that sentiment has been at extremely low levels. A contrarian would point out that this could be a positive development. When everyone is bearish, contrarians are bullish. They tend to look for opportunities to augment portfolio holdings with attractively priced investments that may help achieve long-term goals.
 
If you don’t share a contrarian outlook, stay focused on the importance of remaining invested as stock and bond markets move higher and lower. “All of this chaos underlined something that is historically true for the stock market – the sharpest percentage drops and largest percentage gains are often not far apart. For that reason, walking away from the market after a big drop could mean missing out on the market’s best days,” reported Gordon Gottsegen of MarketWatch.
 
 
For example, major U.S. stock indexes fell by more than two percent last Monday but, by the end of the week, the indexes had recovered those losses and moved higher. There were two drivers behind last week’s gains. The first was hope for a resolution in the U.S.-China trade war and the second was renewed confidence that Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell will remain in his position, reported Connor Smith of Barron’s. Yields on longer maturities of U.S. Treasuries moved lower over the week.

​The Markets
 
As the market turns...
 
When investor preferences shift and money flows from one sector, industry, investment style or geographic region into another, it is called a market rotation.
 
For years, stock markets in the United States have outperformed stock markets elsewhere. “The outperformance is attributed to U.S. exceptionalism fueled by a strong culture of innovation and entrepreneurship; more flexible labor markets; higher productivity; stronger consumer consumption driving demand for goods and services; a more favorable regulatory environment; lower corporate taxes; stronger intellectual property rights; and more open markets and trade policy,” reported Larry Swedroe of Morningstar.
 
One consequence of U.S. outperformance is that investors outside of the United States own a lot of U.S. stocks, about $18.4 trillion, reported Tracy Alloway and Joe Weisenthal of Bloomberg. The percent of European investors’ total equity portfolios invested in U.S. stocks has more than tripled since 2011, in part due to strong performance.
 
Now, Europe’s financial markets are outperforming those in the United States.
 
“Across assets of all stripes, the Old Continent is collectively trouncing America in a way that’s rarely been seen before…German bonds last week beat Treasuries by the most ever. And while European shares have been knocked by the trade war, they’re turning out to be far more resilient than American ones,” reported Alice Gledhill, Abhinav Ramnarayan, and Julien Ponthus of Bloomberg last week.
 
Over the last two months, global investors have backed away from United States markets. Bank of America’s monthly global fund manager survey found that asset managers have reduced U.S. allocations by more than half since February. “A majority think a trade war that triggers global recession is the biggest risk for markets,” reported Reuters.
 
The recent geographic market rotation was a reminder of the importance of diversification. While diversification won’t prevent losses, it can help investors effectively manage risk. Investors who held a geographical diversified portfolio may have fared better this year than those who invested only in the United States.
 
Last week, which was shortened by a holiday, major U.S. stock indices moved lower, reported Teresa Rivas of Barron’s. Yields on U.S. Treasuries were mixed over the week.

Guidance Wealth will be closed Friday, April 18th to observe the Good Friday holiday

The Markets
 
All eyes on the bond market.
 
The scale of the tariffs introduced by the administration shocked investors, sparking a roller coaster of a week for stock markets. Last week, U.S. stocks:
 

• Rallied on a rumor.
• Fell when the rumor was recognized as a rumor.
• Rose when President Trump paused reciprocal tariffs on most countries for 90-days.
• Fell as investors considered how the remaining baseline tariffs (10 percent on all countries, steel and aluminum tariffs, and 100%+ tariffs on China) might affect companies and economies.
• Rallied after the Federal Reserve assured investors it was prepared to step in, if needed.

 
“Economic angst enveloped every corner of Wall Street as U.S.-China trade tensions escalated, sparking a slide in stocks, the dollar and oil, with liquidations in U.S. assets pointing to disorder in the financial system,” reported Rita Nazareth, Isabelle Lee, Denitsa Tsekova, and Vildana Hajric of Bloomberg.”
 
Disorder in the financial system
 
Some of the disorder was found in the United States Treasury market where yields were moving higher when many expected them to move lower. Investors who are concerned about risk and sell stocks tend to seek financial shelter in investments that are perceived to be steady in a storm. For many years, United States Treasuries have been a “safe haven”.
 
So, last week, there was an expectation that, as investors sought shelter from the tariff storm, rising demand would push Treasury yields lower. That wasn’t the case. Investors sold U.S. Treasuries, pushing yields higher, reported Sydney Maki and Carter Johnson of Bloomberg.
 
“Billed as so rock-solid safe they’re risk-free, US Treasury bonds have long been the first port of call for investors during times of panic. They rallied during the global financial crisis, on 9/11 and even when America’s own credit rating was cut…But this time may be different. As President Donald Trump unleashes an all-out assault on global trade, their status as the world’s safe haven is increasingly coming into question…Yields, especially on longer-term debt, have surged in recent days while the dollar has plunged,” reported David Rovella of Bloomberg.
 
The Federal Reserve (Fed) soothed the market
 
On Friday, Minneapolis Fed President Neel Kashkari and Boston Fed President Susan Collins both discussed ways the Fed can “manage a dislocation, or pricing disruption, in the Treasury market…[the moves] are instruments designed to keep markets running smoothly by making sure there is enough liquidity, meaning financial institutions have access to the short-term funding they need to operate,” reported Nicole Goodkind of Barron’s.
 
Markets were soothed by the assurance that the Fed stands ready to “keep financial markets functioning should the need arise,” reported Stephen Culp of Reuters. By the end of trading on Friday, major U.S. stock indices were in positive territory. Yields on longer maturities of U.S. Treasuries also finished the week higher.

The Markets
 
“If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs…”
 
The advice offered by Rudyard Kipling’s poem “If—” resonated last week. A sharp escalation in trade tensions sparked a stock market downturn despite news that the United States economy created far more jobs in March than economists had expected, reported Lucia Mutikani of Reuters.
 
Late Wednesday, President Trump announced tariffs on countries around the world. The tariffs were significantly larger than anticipated, and stock markets immediately moved lower. Over two days, the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500 Index lost about $5 trillion in market capitalization, reported Lynn Thomasson of Bloomberg.
 
It was the “largest decline for stocks listed on major U.S. exchanges since March 16, 2020, when $3.5 trillion in value was wiped out, according to Dow Jones Market Data,” reported Connor Smith of Barron’s. (March 2020 was when the COVID-19 outbreak officially became a pandemic.)
 
In contrast, government bonds rallied as yields fell. Investors preference for lower risk assets “resulted in rising demand for government debt in the U.S., U.K., Germany, Japan and Australia — which sent yields down across all those countries,” reported Vivien Lou Chen of MarketWatch.
 
Three reasons for the stock market downturn
 
While tariffs were the catalyst for the market downturn, they weren’t the only reason for the decline. Other contributing factors included:
 
1.  A tsunami of uncertainty. You’ve heard it before: Markets hate uncertainty. The new administration’s tariffs brought a tsunami of uncertainty. Some investors opted for safe havens as they awaited greater clarity around key questions, including: 

• Are the tariffs a negotiating tool or a permanent tax?
• How will tariffs effect the outlook for economic growth?
• How will tariffs effect corporate profitability?
• How will other countries respond?

 
“The scope, speed and magnitude of the Trump administration’s tariff blitz left investors with a lot of questions. But one point came through crystal clear: The post–World War II global world economic order is no longer. That is forcing a reassessment by countries on how to respond and pushing investors to reassess long-held assumptions about profit margins, investments, and inflation, reported Reshma Kapadia of Barron’s.”
 
2.  High market valuations. Over the past two-plus years, excitement about artificial intelligence, an economic soft landing, pro-business policies, and other factors have helped lift stock prices to extraordinary levels. By many measures, U.S. stocks were expensive, which made them vulnerable to decline, reported Jacob Sonenshine of Barron’s. The imposition of extraordinary tariffs forced investors to reassess expectations for U.S. economic growth, corporate earnings, inflation, and share prices. 

“Over the medium to longer term, Trump’s tariff and trade policy will likely accelerate the move to diversify supply chains, emphasize regionalization over globalization, and invest in becoming more self-reliant… But given the uncertainty and increasing costs of inputs, companies may rethink where they allocate long-term capital,” wrote Kapadia.
 
3.  The tariff narrative. Narrative economics is a theory developed by Nobel-prize winning economist Robert Shiller. Its premise is that viral stories influence economic behavior. As a result, viral narratives can influence markets. Shiller explained, “…whether it’s the belief that tech stocks can only go up, that housing prices never fall, or that some firms are too big to fail. Whether true or false, stories like these—transmitted by word of mouth, by the news media, and increasingly by social media—drive the economy by driving our decisions about how and where to invest, how much to spend and save, and more.” 
​
Last week, a dominant narrative was that tariffs may cause a trade war, which could have unfavorable and long-lasting effects on the U.S. economy. “While trade wars don’t involve armies and bloodshed, some of the same rules apply—especially when it’s a war of choice. Strengths need to be assessed, allies cajoled, goals set, and preparations made. When done right, victory can be reached with relative ease and result in an increase in standing. When poorly planned, strengths turn into weakness, quick victories become battles of attrition, and unintended consequences can last for years,” reported Ben Levisohn of Barron’s.
 
By the end of the week, the technology-heavy Nasdaq Composite Index was in bear market territory, down more than 20 percent from its previous high. The Dow Jones Industrial Average had moved into correction territory, and the S&P 500 Index had experienced its worst week since 2020, reported Amalya Dubrovsky, Karen Friar, and Ines Ferré of Yahoo! Finance. Yields on longer maturities of U.S. Treasuries moved lower, pushing the value of previously issued Treasuries higher.
 
Stock market volatility is likely to continue as the tariff story plays out. While the tariff story plays out, it’s a good idea to stay calm and focus on your plan. Your portfolio allocation and diversification strategies were put in place to help you achieve your financial goals. Taking drastic action in response to a short-term market upheaval could affect your ability to reach those goals. If you have questions or would like to discuss recent events, please get in touch.